Capital punishment or the death penalty is a legal process whereby a person is put to death by the state as a punishment for a crime. The judicial decree that someone be punished in this manner is a death sentence, while the actual process of killing the person is an execution. Crimes that can result in a death penalty are known as capital crimes or capital offences. The term capital originates from the Latin capitalis, literally “regarding the head” (referring to execution by beheading).

Capital punishment has, in the past, been practised by most societies (one notable exception being Kievan Rus);
currently 58 nations actively practise it, and 97 countries have
abolished it (the remainder have not used it for 10 years or allow it
only in exceptional circumstances such as wartime). It is a matter of active controversy in various countries and states, and positions can vary within a single political ideology or cultural region. In the European Union member states, Article 2 of the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union prohibits the use of capital punishment.

Currently, Amnesty International considers most countries abolitionist. The UN General Assembly has adopted, in 2007, 2008 and 2010, non-binding resolutions calling for a global moratorium on executions, with a view to eventual abolition.
Although many nations have abolished capital punishment, over 60% of
the world’s population live in countries where executions take place,
such as the People’s Republic of China, India, the United States of America and Indonesia, the four most-populous countries in the world,
which continue to apply the death penalty (although in India, Indonesia
and in many US states it is rarely employed). Each of these four
nations voted against the General Assembly resolutions. (read more)